英语传记(A Biography of the English Language)文字版[PDF]

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资源信息： 中文名: 英语传记 原名: A Biography of the English Language 作者: C. M. Millward. Mary Hayes 资源格式: PDF 版本: 文字版 出版社: Cengage Learning 书号: 0495906417 发行时间: 2011年 地区: 美国 语言: 英文 概述:

内容介绍： 这是第三版的英语语言的传记，它继续研究英语的结构，它揭示了语言的过去，让读者阅读后可以更好地使用它来沟通。 The third edition of A BIOGRAPHY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE continues to examine the structure of English, from its Indo-European pre-history, through the invasions that shaped Old and Middle English, through its speakers' conscious efforts to police it in the Early Modern period, through its present-day transformations manifest in urban slang and text-messaging. The textbook explores three important issues: how languages and language change are systematic; how the inner history of a language is profoundly affected by its outer history of political and culural events; and how the English of the past has everywhere left its traces on present-day English. By uncovering the language's past, one can better use it to communicate as well as speculate about its future use in ever-changing globalized media. 内容截图：

更多中英文图书下载：www.linguagess.com 目录: Contents PREFACE xv 1 Introduction 1 Features Common to All Languages 1 All Languages Are Systematic 1 All Natural Languages Are Conventional and Arbitrary 6 All Natural Languages Are Redundant 7 All Natural Languages Change 7 Changes in Language 8 What Is Language Change? 8 Why Does Language Change? 11 Internal and External Pressures for Change 14 Predicting Change 15 Factors Impeding Change 15 Demarcating the History of English 17 Evaluating Sources of Information 18 Essential Concepts 21 References and Suggested Readings 21 2 Phonology 23 The Production of Speech 24 Phonemes and Allophones 24Lexicon 73 Semantics 74 A Comparison of Germanic Languages 74 Essential Concepts 76 References and Suggested Readings 77 5 Old English 79 Outer History 79 England before the English 79 The Arrival of the English 80 The Christianization of England 82 The Viking Invasions and Their Aftermath 85 Inner History 86 Old English Phonology 87 Consonants 87 Vowels 89 Prosody 92 Old English Graphics 93 The Futhorc 93 The Latin Alphabet 95 Spelling and Punctuation 95 An Illustration of Old English Graphics 96 Old English Morphology 98 Inflections 98 Nouns 101 Adjectives 103 Pronouns 104 Verbs 106 Uninflected Word Classes 110 Old English Syntax 112 Syntax within Phrases 112 Syntax within Clauses 115 Syntax of Sentences 117 Idioms and Latin Influence 119 Old English Lexicon 119 The Extensive Vocabulary 119 Loanwords 120Formation of New Words 123 Lost Vocabulary 126 Old English Semantics 129 Semantic Categories 129 Semantic Change 130 Old English Dialects 133 Old English Literature 135 Prose 136 Verse 137 Essential Concepts 141 References and Suggested Readings 141 6 Middle English 143 Outer History 143 1066–1204: English in Decline 143 1204–1348: English in the Ascendant 146 1348–1509: English Triumphant 147 Inner History 148 Middle English Phonology 148 Consonants 149 Vowels 153 Prosody 159 Middle English Graphics 160 The Middle English Alphabet 160 Spelling and Punctuation 162 Handwriting 164 Middle English Morphology 164 Loss of Inflectional Endings 164 Nouns 166 Adjectives 167 Pronouns 169 Verbs 173 Uninflected Word Classes 178 Middle English Syntax 180 Syntax within Phrases 180 Syntax within Clauses 186 Syntax of Sentences 188 Syntax of Poetry 189 Middle English Lexicon 191 Loanwords 192 Formation of New Words 198 Lost Vocabulary 202 Middle English Semantics 204 Narrowing and Generalization 204 Amelioration and Pejoration 205 Strengthening and Weakening 205 Abstraction and Concretization 206 Shift in Connotation 206 Shift in Denotation 206 Middle English Dialects 208 Middle English Literature 212 Prose 214 Secular Verse 215 Religious and Didactic Verse 216 Drama 216 Essential Concepts 217 References and Suggested Readings 218 7 Early Modern English 219 Outer History 219 Cultural, Political, and Technological Influences 219 The Introduction of Printing (Late 15th Century) 219 The English Renaissance (Late 15th to 16th Centuries) 220 The Protestant Reformation (16th Century) 221 Rising Nationalism (Late 16th Century) 221 Changes in the Economic System (16th to 17th Centuries) 221 Exploration and Colonization (17th to 19th Centuries) 222 The Industrial Revolution (Late 18th Century) 222 The American Revolution (Late 18th Century) 223 English Comes of Age 224 The Debate over Vocabulary 225 The Spelling Reformers 228 The Dictionary Makers 231 The Movement for an English Academy 236The Emergence of Grammar 238 Varieties of English 242 Inner History 244 Early Modern English Phonology 244 Consonants 245 Vowels 248 Prosody 254 Early Modern English Graphics 255 Spelling and Punctuation 257 Early Modern English Morphology 258 Nouns 259 Adjectives 260 Pronouns 261 Verbs 264 Uninflected Word Classes 268 Early Modern English Syntax 270 Syntax within Phrases 271 Syntax within Clauses 274 Syntax of Sentences 275 Early Modern English Lexicon 277 Loanwords 277 Formation of New Words 282 Lost Vocabulary 286 Early Modern English Semantics 287 Generalization and Narrowing 287 Amelioration and Pejoration 288 Strengthening and Weakening 289 Abstraction and Concretization 289 Shift in Denotation 290 Shift in Connotation 290 Early Modern English Dialects 291 Essential Concepts 292 References and Suggested Readings 292 8 Present-Day English 295 Outer History 295 English Comes into Its Own 295The Question of Vocabulary 296 The Question of Spelling Reform 296 Dictionary-Making 300 The Question of a National Academy 302 Approaches to Grammar 304 Future and Imaginary Englishes 306 Inner History 309 Present-Day English Phonology 309 Consonants 310 Vowels 311 Prosody 312 Present-Day English Graphics 312 Present-Day English Morphology 313 Nouns 313 Adjectives 314 Pronouns 314 Verbs 316 Uninflected Word Classes 317 Present-Day English Syntax 319 Syntax within Phrases 319 Syntax within Clauses 321 Syntax of Sentences 321 Present-Day English Lexicon 323 Loanwords 324 Formation of New Words 329 Lost Vocabulary 335 Present-Day English Semantics 336 Essential Concepts 338 References and Suggested Readings 339 9 English Around the World 341 English Is a Native Language 346 Linguistic Variation 345 The United States 347 General American 350 Regional Variation in the United States 352 A. Eastern New England 354B. New York City 354 C. Middle Atlantic 355 D. Western Pennsylvania 355 E. Upper South 356 F. South 356 G. Inland North 357 H. Northwest 357 I. Southwest 358 African American Vernacular English 358 Canada 362 Newfoundland 364 England 367 Standard British English 367 Regional Variation in England 373 Scotland 376 Wales 379 Ireland 381 Northern Ireland 382 Southern Ireland 383 Australia 385 New Zealand 388 South Africa 390 Western Atlantic English 392 English as a Nonnative Language 393 English in Asia 394 India 394 Singapore 397 The Philippines 399 English in Africa 400 West African in General 401 Nigeria 402 Liberia 403 Cameroon 404 English-Based Pidgins and Creoles 405 References and Suggested Readings 406Appendix A Grammar Review: Morphology and Syntax 409 Appendix B Significant Events in the Biography of English 425 Appendix C Parallel Texts of Boethius 429 Glossary 439 Bibliography 455 Index 463